Tawa - Facts and Figures

Name: Tawa (Pueblo Indian name for a sun god); pronounced TAH-wah Habitat: Woodlands of North and South America Historical Period: Middle Triassic (215 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 7 feet long and 25 pounds Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; bipedal posture About Tawa Although its evolutionary relationship to Tyrannosaurus Rex is a bit overstated--after all, it lived about 150 million years before its more famous descendant--the early theropod Tawa still counts as a major discovery. This small, bipedal dinosaur lived 215 million years ago on the supercontinent of Pangaea, which later split into North America, South America and Africa. Based on an analysis of its remains, Tawa appears to have originated in South America, though its bones were found farther north, near the famous Ghost Ranch cite in New Mexico thats yielded countless Coelophysis skeletons. Will Tawa really cause paleontologists to rewrite the book of dinosaur evolution, as some breathless accounts surmise? Well, its not as if bipedal, South American, meat-eating dinosaurs were rare on the ground--witness, for example, Herrerasaurus, which we already know lay at the root of the dinosaur family tree, not to mention those numerous (though native to North America) Coelophysis specimens. Like the Asian Raptorex, another recent discovery, Tawa is being described as a miniature T. Rex, though this seems to be a gross oversimplification. Over and above its presumed resemblance to T. Rex, whats important about Tawa is that it helps to clear up the evolutionary relationships, and ultimate origins, of the earliest theropods. With this missing piece of the fossil puzzle in place, the discoverers of Tawa have concluded that the very first dinosaurs evolved in South America in the early to middle Triassic period, then radiated out worldwide over the ensuing tens of millions of years.

Polarization Between American Politics And Politics

As with much political science, the concept of polarization can be a bit murky. Inferring from the term itself, one could say that polarization in American politics refers to a widening of the gap between what could be called the average left-wing and right-wing politician, voter, or ideology on a standard political spectrum. Another examination of the term could result in a definition regarding the lack of cooperation between the two major American political parties. Although, it would be more accurate to say that both examinations of the term are correct – and that polarization can create an environment in which the two main modes of thinking are largely incompatible. Proceeding from a definition, one might speculate how polarization†¦show more content†¦Understanding polarization is important because it has often been acknowledged as one of the most problematic process currently undergoing American political institutions. Several scholars, regardless of their schoo l of thought, have described it as having the potential to cause a self-destruction of Congress (Farina 1690-691). There are several consequences that are currently apparent in today’s political landscape, including â€Å"institutional stalemate and associated political misbehavior (Farina 1691).† It is important to note that there is empirical evidence that â€Å"congressional polarization has been steadily and consistently increasing since the 1980s (Farina 1701).† In this event, it is understandable why political scholars are so entrenched in discovering the sources of polarization. There are several theories that attempt to accurately calculate the causes of polarization, but most of these theories only find moderate culprits – few of these theories and studies find a catch-all cause of polarizaton. One study, completed by Jesse Sussell and James A. Thomson, points to population clustering as a factor in polarization. In their study, they examine the shifts in population and their contribution to polarization in the U.S. House of Representatives. In other words, this study claims that the growing disparities between liberal and conservative locations (such as large cities and rural towns,Show MoreRelatedIs Political Polarization Good or Bad for American Politics and Government?963 Words   |  4 Pageswrites that, â€Å"in addition to the decline in competition, American politics today is characterized by a growing ideological polarization between the two major parties†. In addition to his opinion, political data has shown that political polariza tion is increasing and is more readily seen in the way the American government functions in the political sphere. In an article by the University of Rochester’s Campus Times they wrote â€Å"In 1950, the American Political Science Association’s Committee on PoliticalRead MoreThe Plagues And Profits Of Polarization1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe Plagues and Profits of Polarization In 1796, in his Farewell Address, George Washington warned against the â€Å"party passions† that weaken public administration, afflict the community, promote animosity between different sectors, and as a result, render the American nation vulnerable to foreign invasion. Political polarization is most simply defined as the divide between Liberals and Conservatives or between Republicans and Democrats. According to measurements from DW-NOMINATE, a system thatRead MorePolarization in Us Politics1665 Words   |  7 PagesAnalyze the evidence that American politics is becoming more polarized. If so, is this a reaction to the polarization of political elites? Approx 1500 words 13/12/10 The election of 2008... marked the end of an epoch. 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The first areaRead MorePolitical Polarization Vs Deliberative Poll1747 Words   |  7 PagesMena Soliman Prof. Loren Eason WR 39C 11 November 2015 Political Polarization Vs Deliberative Poll It is not a coincidence that the increased availability of news sources has been accompanied by increasing political polarization. Over time, polarization appears to have spread to the level of mass public opinion (Abramowitz Saunders, 2006; Jacobson, 2006; Abrams, Pope, 2005). For instance, in U.S. politics, Democrats’ and Republicans’ negative evaluations of a president of the other party haveRead MoreCulture War By Morris Fiorina2000 Words   |  8 PagesWar by Morris Fiorina, his political stance on Americans not being polarized has not been caused by a growing significance of the political parties today, rather a change in the government over the years. He believes that the two parties, Democrat, and Republican are the most polarized while the public is not. Abramowitz argues that there is no polarized relationship between the American people and the political parties. He believes the polarization is reflected through those who are politically

No Fear Shakespeare A Midsummer Nights Dream Characters free essay sample

I can say that their point of view was right to the dream where fairies and reality become unclear. Clearly, the exceptional effects let the production cast greater range to recognize creative ideas. Director Santiago Sosa has combined a stunning play with light scene changes and in time focus that is impactful and unique. There is no unneeded focus. Besides, the costume design of Tommy Macon and the lighting design of Darren Levin improve the show in a good manner. I may say that the lighting was magical and it played an important role in defining the different scenes. The costumes are special to every character and everything was an addition to each other.â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream,† represents the experience of two couples and craftsmen who are nonprofessional actors. The events happen in an Athens and a charming forest. I personally think that Shakespeare was very clever in how he devised A Midsummer Night’s Dream, as he has three very good factors of entertainment love, magic and comedy represented with different stories and characters. We will write a custom essay sample on No Fear Shakespeare: A Midsummer Nights Dream: Characters or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the end, Puck restates the fact that all people will die, which is a nice conclusion. In addition, Oberon guarantee that the lovers will be happy forever.From another view, I saw a movie as another interpretation of this play. The movie directed by Michael Hoffman. Regularly, when plays or stories transferred to movies, the all events are cut up, and the consequence is scattering. This is not happening in A Midsummer-Night’s Dream. The movie was tremendously well performed. The plot was interesting and the dream concept made the audiences stay entertained. In both the movie and play, I have to say that my favorite character was Puck. He was such a curious sprite. In the movie, one could definitely see his tricks and jokes. I enjoyed watching both interpretations, but I would recommend the play to my friends because I have enjoyed the idea of the play within a play.This play is acted all around the world, and it is not surprising – it is about the worlds most famous interest, feeling loved. But according to Puck, falling in love can make fools of us all. There are two things that particularly pleased me. One is the comic effect presented by the happy world of pleasing illusion, especially, the tricks that made by Puck, which is the central point of the play and the rest is the empathetic view and the wedding traditions in their society. Another important theme is inequality of the sexes which pervades throughout the play. I appreciate Shakespeare for encouraging the desire in human that dreams may come true!

Supreme Business Analysis free essay sample

Is it possible for a small skateboard shop on Lafayette St. in New York City to become a large, iconic clothing brand and take over the street-wear scene? For the boys over at Supreme it is possible, and it has been done. James Jebbia, the founder and owner of Supreme, opened the doors of his little skate shop in downtown Manhattan in April 1994. The shop attracted the rebellious skaters and artists of New York but never exploded the way James wanted it to. He decided to establish his own brand within the store with the original red box logo, by printing it onto t-shirts and sweaters. Supreme boomed into the must have street wear clothing. James attracted artists to paint designs for the brand and every rapper wanted to be seen in his t-shirts. As the years went on and the brand started to grow, many different articles of clothing and accessories were added to Supreme’s inventory. We will write a custom essay sample on Supreme Business Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Button-up shirts, work pants, rain coats, backpacks, hats, and other articles of clothing that weren’t normally sold by a skate shop were seen coming out of Supreme. Since that boom, there has been no other clothing brand that comes close to Supreme when charisma and exclusivity are mentioned. Supreme will now and forever be known for its â€Å"I don’t give a crap† attitude, quality, and authenticity. The one thing Supreme is mostly known for is its product. James and the guys at Supreme have always strived to bring their customers top quality products that can’t be found anywhere else. They’ve changed the image of a skate shop into a high end clothing boutique. Skate shops are known to sell skateboards, punk clothing, and other accessories such as pads and sunglasses. This isn’t found in any of the Supreme boutiques. Their inventory includes button up shirts, trench coats, cardigans, work pants, traveling bags, professionally screen-printed t-shirts, hats, scarves, gloves, and many other articles of clothing that are rarely found in any kind of store. James made sure that his brand held on to its skateboarding roots by selling skateboard Nicholas 2 decks but he has changed the image of a skate shop. Not only are their products unique, the quality is extraordinary. This includes, corduroy shirts, finely stitched jackets, 100 percent wool scarves, leather hats, and to top it off, James made sure that every piece of his clothing is made and assembled in North America. Supreme has taken over the hat business with its iconic camp hat. This simple hat that resembles what the Korean army would wear in the early 1900s is the most desirable hat in the clothing scene. Every month or so, James will come out with a new style of camp hat and they are gone in the blink of an eye. Supreme takes pride in its one of kind, exclusive clothing, and these qualities are the barrier between it and other street-wear clothing brands. Many critics and clothing enthusiasts may say that Supreme’s biggest weakness is its price. High quality and exclusivity call for extremely high prices that many people can’t afford. Their shirts range from ninety dollars to one hundred and fifty dollars which is highly more expensive than one of their competitors such as Stussy that will sell their shirts for sixty dollars. Jackets and other fine coats will range from two hundred dollars all the way to three hundred and fifty dollars. These extremely high prices push their customers away from buying their clothing which leaves them to go the cheaper route by buying their competitor’s clothing. When it comes to t-shirts, the prices are more reasonable and they resemble their competitor’s. For example, the average price of a t-shirt coming from any street-wear brand is thirty two dollars before tax. Every one of Supreme’s screen printed t-shirts are priced at thirty dollars while Diamond Supply Co. ’s shirts are thirty four dollars. The average person finds it to be a bonus when the most desirable t-shirts are cheaper than everyone else’s. As I mentioned before, Supreme’s camp hats are one of a kind. Because of this, the hats are set at a higher price starting Nicholas 3 at fifty dollars. Their competitor’s hats will cost anywhere from thirty two dollars too forty dollars. Again, many critics find this as a weakness yet enthusiasts are willing to pay a high premium just to get a seven letter word on their head. Supreme’s method of promoting their business is the easiest, cheapest, and smartest way: word of mouth. There are no commercials, advertisements, or any form of mass media promotion. Everything is heard and seen through the grapevine. James will set up photo shoots where the model, which the majority of the time is a well-known model or a famous rapper, where’s the iconic box logo t-shirt. People see this and instantly want what their favorite rapper or model is wearing. The lust and desire builds inside these people and they eventually give in and do whatever they can to get their hands on Supreme clothing. The person who is now a loyal customer of Supreme will show it to his or her friend and the cycle starts right over again. The lust spreads like a wildfire. It goes to the extreme when people line up outside of the store two days before their new items drop. Besides showing up on every rappers chest, something else drives the customer’s lust: exclusivity. People want something the most when they can’t have it. Almost everything on Supreme’s website sells out in one day and they will never be made again. This drives people to constantly stay updated with their website and inventory. Free promotion and customer drive is an area that James highly excelled in. Supreme’s last line of business is the place that they make available for their customers to buy their products. Supreme has seven boutiques worldwide which include the original store in New York, one in Los Angeles, London, Nagoya, Osaka, Fukuoka, and two in Tokyo. The availability is a lot higher in regions of Asia but this is beneficial. With only two boutiques in the Nicholas 4 United States, the drive for their products increases. This ties into the exclusivity of Supreme. People in the United States will go well out of their way to get something from Supreme. The lust peaks, especially when the only other place to get their products, the website, is inaccessible. The biggest problem with their website is that their products run out very quickly but fortunately, they aren’t updated with the inventory of the stores, only the warehouses. The products found in the stores stay there and are never touched by internet orders. This is the premium of traveling to one of their physical destinations because the items that are sold out on the internet can be found in their boutiques. What sets Supreme away from its competitors is its exclusivity of availability. For example, brands such as The Hundreds and Stussy will sell their products to other vendors for them to sell to customers. Supreme only sells their clothes through their own store. Many critics say that it’s a mistake financially to only sell through your store but it was a wise business choice by James. The exclusivity makes Supreme’s clothing stand out and makes it more desirable. If customers truly want your items, give them no other choice then to come to you. This is working perfectly fine because people all around the world are going well out of their way to become part of the Supreme team. On a side note, Supreme’s charisma and goal needs to be mentioned. People that are familiar with street-wear brands know what everyone is wearing. They know the brand of their shirt, hat, shoes, and even socks. But when someone walks into the room with the Supreme logo on their chest, the whole place goes quiet. Supreme clothing causes a natural reaction for people to double take on what they saw. It forces people to accept the fact that the person that just walked in the room is ten times better dressed than he or she is. It then gives them the desire to either hop into a car, rush down to the Supreme boutique, and buy everything they can afford, or, Nicholas 5 find the nearest computer and watch their bank account dwindle down into dust. This effect of jealously, that eventually turns into lust, is the ultimate goal of Supreme as a business. The charisma and lust came naturally through people wearing the clothes and being part of an exclusive group of well-dressed human beings. One suggestion I would give to James about changing Supreme would be to make up your mind on the image of the brand. It’s established itself as a high end clothing boutique but still hangs on to its skateboarding roots. James always manages to mention that they are a skateboard shop before anything. Skateboard shops don’t sell three hundred dollar trench coats. It’s a wonderful addition and sets them apart from anyone else by a mile but he should establish the identity as a high end boutique that caters to the skate and street culture of the world. Even though Supreme has a vice grip on the majority of street-wear connoisseurs, the brand would attract many different demographics if it established an identity. Whether it’s a multi-million dollar rapper or an average skateboarder living in his or her parent’s home, Supreme is intended and available for everyone. Supreme will continue to provide high quality clothing and accessories while also setting the bar of the ultimate street-wear brand. James managed to grow a small skate shop into a large and successful business. He has manipulated the marketing mix and has executed his wise decisions to make the most successful street-wear clothing brand to ever come out of New York. The supreme goal is for everyone in the world to become a part of the Supreme Team, and it would be of no surprise if that came to reality.

The Beginning Of The Vietnam War Essays - Vietnam War,

The Beginning of the Vietnam War Introduction Thankyou for deciding to continue to read. Here I am not trying to be a complete guide to the Vietnam War, but what I think about this hugely misunderstood war. If you want to know about the Vietnam war, I highly recomment the book "Nam, The Vietnam Experience 1965-75"It's an excellent resource, and after a ling time I am still reading it myself, learning new things and understanding more. How it Started A lot is misunderstood by many people about the Vietnam War. There are a lot of politocs behind the war, but on the military side, the following is quite an accurate account of the immediate effects which started the war. It started on the 8 August 1965 when American Troops stormed ashore at Da Nang, South of Vietnam, ready to fight the bloodiest war known to man. of Vietnam, ready to fight the bloodiest war known to man. The reason was simple: there was a communist threat and their [The US] job was to resist it. In 1960, President John F Kennedy saw that South East Asia was under imminent threat, so decided to increase aid to South Vietnam. This was received by Lyndon Johnson in November 1963. He declared that he would not let Vietnam fall the same way as China. The above lead to more corruption, instead of military success; so consequently the US became more and moe involved in politics in the South. In January 1964, plans were drawn up for operations against North Vietnam. These included sabotage and spying for the North, and bombing raids and Naval attacks for North Vietnam's coast. There were attacks on US Naval vessels by the North Vietnamese (NV). Torpedoes were launched but missed, and no American casualties were suffered. After this, Johnson decided to act. He sent out vessels. As the two destroyers approached the coast, a terrible storm broke out: They were convinced that and attack was imminent. Crusaders flew over from. They could see the vessels zig-zagging about: They were under attack. Sonars detected 22 incoming torpedoa and they air craft pilots claimed to have hit three enemy craft. As soon as these reports got to Johnson, he ordered air strikes against coastal targets in the North, and appeared in television commercials announcing his positive reply. First Blood After that, it was all quiet fr the soldiers at Da Nang. They would go out all day, getting hot, sweaty and bored. Every now and then a monkey would set off the alarms, but no real action was happening, it was very frustrating. For a full five months after they had swept the beach, nothing had still happened, until now... About about 0130 hours (1:30am), a Marine sentry a strange noise outside camp. He threw an illumation grenade into the direction of the sound, and as it exploded - so did half the airbase. A furious VC (Viet Cong) mortar barrage swept accross the field. A team of VC sappers charged through a hole they'd clipped in the fence and lobbed in explosions on the parked aircraft. As quickly they had come, they had gone... The damaged caused was not too extensive, and one American was killed. This hardened the Marines, so they decided to "kill them, before they kill us". They did not have to wait long, as in July there was a build up of VC near the Marines. There was another VC build up about 60 miles away at Chu Lai. The Marines went there. On the the 15th August, a VC desertor (who turned up out of the blue) revealed that the 1st Viet Cong Regiment (a force of about 1500 men) had set up base only 12 miles from the Marines' base at Da Nang. Up until now the Marines had not fully used the power of their weapons, so they took up the offer immediately. A Marine batallion was organised to be highly self sufficient - it could move at high speed and could have close air support withing minuetes if they ran into anything big. Their air support would be an HH-34 helicopter, loaded with heavy artillary. This was how the marines decided to take the VC on the Van Tuong peninsula. For the operation to succeed, they had to move fast. Staff officers assembled and the Plan of Action (POA) was drawn up: The Marines were to surround the enemy before they could make a getaway. So they decided to launch the attack from

The Theatrical Effectiveness of The White Devil essays

The Theatrical Effectiveness of 'The White Devil' essays The White Devil is atypical of a revenge tragedy play. As a result, the action has to be ingenious and at times gruesome, whilst also being translatable to the stage. Webster uses many techniques and methods whether it is in staging, language or characterisation, to bring the action closer to the audience and heighten the theatrical effectiveness of the play. Act One Scene Two is the first introduction of the main characters; Brachiano, Vittoria, Camillo, Cornelia and Flamineo. It is a scene full of ambiguities and contradictions, the sense of ambivalence coming from both the language and the action. The staging of the play is effective in itself. The carpet and cushions which Zanche laid out implies a sexuality which contrasts with the romantic and almost cliched lovers conversation leaving the audience confused at their true motives or emotions. Likewise, the counterbalance of Flamineo and Zanche overseeing the action on one side, with Cornelia representing the virtuous holy maternal figure on the other is reminiscent of the morality play which characterises Vice and Virtue. Also, the observation of such private action allows Webster to include three viewpoints, gloating, passion and agonised despair. This open presentation of an important scene allows the audience to enter into the drama and choose their own moral angle on the events unfolding before them. The Jacobean audience would have immediately recognised the traditional characters of the Vice, Virtue and malcontent, making them less distanced by the paradoxical language, for example, the inverted collocation excellent devil. Another method of inciting an audience response is Websters use of bawdy humour with the sexual innuendo of the jewel imagery. However there is always another interpretation, jewel could either represent married chastity or more negatively, sexual organs. Another double meaning used to great effec...

Extra Credit Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Extra Credit Assignment - Essay Example People in Orlando began to believe the media reports randomly, although most of them were not entirely based on actual facts, this essay attempts to examine the background and effects of Casey Anthony trial in relation to Orlando. The disappearance and death of a girl child Caylee Anthony received high media attention and triggered off considerable legal debate in USA. Afterwards, the trial of Casey Anthony (mother of Caylee) attracted significant coverage in social, national, and international media. On 18th July, 2008, Cindy Anthony (grandmother of Caylee) reported that her granddaughter had gone missing. Almost five months later, Caylee’s skeleton was found in a jungle area in proximity to the family home. Subsequently, Casey Anthony was charged of having murdered her daughter and a rigorous trial began. The prosecution charged Casey of first degree murder and sought death penalty for her (Fuhrman, 3). However, the jury did not find Casey guilty for child abuse and murder. But it was held that she had given misleading information to the police in connection to the case. Hence, she was given a ruling of four years in prison and a total fine of $4000 was charged. Finally, she was released on 17th July , 2011 due to good behavior and the credit for the time already served. The case of Casey had profound effects on the international and national media and public opinion. Therefore, in Orlando area too, the trial had an effect that could be deeply felt. Could a mother murder her two and a half years old child? How can one murder a child in such a cruel way? How is the society at large responsible for what happened? The questions that loomed in the air were uneasy to answer. Quoting from Fuhrman (2), the developments can be explained in the following way: â€Å"This is the story of how the media create alternate realities that serve their quest for ratings, while the criminal investigation that might solve the case is all but derailed. The

Prescription drugs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Prescription drugs - Research Paper Example The large numbers of emergency room admissions from prescription drug abuse in the US are a compelling argument against DTC advertising. There is the need for pharma companies to show a higher degree of restraint in such DTC advertising, keeping in mind that the messages are viewed by people with varying levels of understanding of possible side effects from improper use of prescription drugs. Key words: Prescription Drugs, DTC advertising 1. Introduction The US is the only country in the world (apart from New Zealand) that permits Television advertisements for prescription drugs. The US Federal Drugs Administration (FDA) relaxed its requirements for information content needed in such advertising in 1997. The pharma industry’s spending on DTC (direct-to-customer) advertisements has grown rapidly since the FDA rule change and reached a peak of over $ 6 billion in 2006 and 2007 before falling off due to the global economic crisis. The spending in 2012 was still a high $ 3.47 bill ion (Mack, 2013). The European Union does not permit DTC advertising by pharma companies. This was reaffirmed in December 2010 when 22 of the 27 EU countries voted against the proposal despite lobbying by the pharma industry. Instead, the new ad regulations have become even tougher with the focus â€Å"on the rights of the patient to get the information he needs and not on the rights of pharma companies to spread information† (Golby, 2010). This paper examines the arguments in favor and against DTC advertising prescription drugs. PhRMA, the pharma industry association, in its 2008 guidelines for DTC advertising lists the benefits of DTC advertising as increased patient awareness about disease and the treatment options. The ads motivate patients to contact their doctors and engage in a dialogue about health concerns and increases likelihood of receiving care for conditions that get under-diagnosed or under treated. The advertisements also help patients to continue taking the prescribed medication (PhRMA, 2008). The beneficial effects of DTC advertising based on surveys of patients and doctors are shown in the chart below (Shaw, 2008). The chart shows that 95% of the benefit is from patient awareness and better discussion the doctor can have with the patient. The question clearly is whether these benefits outweigh potential negative effects of DTC advertising. 3. Top pharma companies advertising budgets in 2012 The table below shows the 2012 advertising budgets of the top 10 global pharma companies. The tabula tion has been made from data published on 26 February 2013 in FiercePharma.com (Palmer, 2013) Pharma Ad Spend 2012 ( in $ million)                   TV Magazine Other Total   Products       Pfizer 342.7 240 39.6 622.3 Celebrex- pain drug, Viagra, Lyrica - pain drug Eli Lilly 367.3 43.4 22.7 433.4 Cymbalta for pain, Cymbalta for depression, Cialis Abbott 264 35 2.7 301.7 Humira for arthritis, AndroGel, Humira for Crohn's disease Merck 133.7 87.8 64 285.5 Shingles awareness, Nasonex, Zostavax Amgen 164 52.1 13.2 229.3 Enbrel for arthritis, Prolia, Enbrel for psoriasis Astra Zeneca 156.5 41 11.8 209.3 Nexium - stomach , Symbicort, Crestor - cholesterol Allergan 85.9 107.2 0.23 193.3 Restasis, Botox for wrinkles, Botox for migbraine Boehringer 119.6 54.7 0.36 174.7 Spiriva, Pradaxa Glaxo SmithKline 70.3 84.8 15.5 170.6 Advair Diskus - respiratory , Lovaza - cholesterol , Jalyn Otsuka 73.9 41.2 0 115.1

Friedman Paragraph Graded Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Friedman Paragraph Graded - Assignment Example Diverting the attention of the public from politics to economy development requires education skills. The political aspirants should focus on the tactics they can apply to help the United States chant her way out of economic crisis. It is true that the current generation is lacking ample knowledge in solving the economic crisis. The causes and solutions of the economic crisis are well stipulated in educational concepts. If the concepts are gained by majority, the problem would be easily averted (4:03 – 9:10). For instance, the technological advancement and understanding of the current technology has enabled people to connect and share development ideas through the social media such as face book. This implies that if everyone understands the real problems affecting the economy, people can share ideas that can solve the crisis. Referring to the Friedman’s idea, offering jobs alone is not enough to deliver the expected results as the performance will be low (4:03 – 9:10). The strategy in uplifting the job sector should focus on hiring employees who can invent and reinvent the strategies aimed at improving performance in the changing economic times (4:03 – 9:10). It is true that education is one of the prominent pillars of the economy (15:55 – 18:05). The efficiency of the other pillars is a product of educational knowledge and skills provided through

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types

Technical Textiles History, Technology and Types Technical Textiles Coursework In early years, the textile industry was primarily established as apparel and fashion industry. As human advanced, the industry expanded into scientific and technological sector. That defined a new role for textiles and it led the industry to adapt and further develop new applications. It is now known as new field of textile technical or industrial textile [1]. Definition of technical textile According Textile terms and definitions [2] Technical textiles are defined as textile materials products manufactured primarily for their technical performance and functional properties, rather than for their aesthetic and decorative it characteristics. History of technical textile Technical textile sector started growing with the production of synthetic yarn in the early 1900s. Before that, chemically treated natural fibres were used to achieve desired properties of the technical fabric. Manufacturers also developed special technologies such as various weaving and nonwoven techniques. It resulted into fast growth of high performance fibres/yarn. Production proceeded with notable characteristics such as 1) High resistance to temperature and chemicals and 2) Enhanced mechanical properties. Raw material for technical textiles The most desirable form of raw material is fibre, yarn or fabric.At present, most of the technical textiles are made of high-performance synthetic fibre that gives an advantage to technical textiles in many ways for e.g. cost, performance and durability. However, Raw materials have changed over the time according to the application[3]. Natural staple fibre Synthetic filament yarn Cotton yarn Jute yarn Flax yarn Coir yarn or rope Polyester Polypropylene Aramid, Glass and Carbon HDPE (High Density PolyEthylene) UHMWPE (Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene) PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) PBI (poly benzimidazole) PBO (polyphenylene benzo isoxazole) Technology used for manufacturing of technical textile Out of diversified operations, prominent processes used for technical textiles are[4]: Knitting Weaving Braiding Nonwoven Tufting Other than this, new manufacturing techniques to produce technical textile are as listed below. Most of these processes are used in combination to producedifferent fabrics. Thermo-forming 3D (Three Dimensional) Weaving 3D Knitting Fabrics Produced Using Nanotechnology Heat-set Synthetics Finishing Treatments (Coating and lamination) Handmade elements such as Stitch/Appliquà © Classification of technical textile There are below mentioned 12 categories for technical textiles that exist [5], No. Category Symbol [] Target Industry Example products 1 Agrotech Agriculture, forestry, horticulture and landscape gardening. Various types of nets such as Bird protection, Anti-hail and Fishing nets. Also, mats or ground covers 2 Buildtech Membrane like and lightweight solid structures. Architectural membranes, Awnings or canopies, Floor covering, Hoardings and Scaffolding nets 3 Clothtech The Latest developments in shoe and clothing manufacturing. Elastic narrow fabrics, Hook loop tape fasteners, Labels, Sewing threads, Shoelaces and Umbrella fabrics 4 Geotech Road construction, civil engineering products. Geo variants of composites, grids, mats, membranes and nets. 5 Hometech Furniture, upholstery, floor coverings and carpets. Window blinds, Carpet backing cloths, Filter fabrics for vacuum cleaner and HVAC filters. 6 Indutech Mechanical engineering and for the chemical and electrical industries. Absorbent glass mat, battery separators, Coating abrasives, Composites, Computer printer ribbon, Conveyor Drive belts. 7 Medtech Medical and hygiene products. Artificial organs, heart valves and joints. Also, Baby diapers, Contact lenses and Sanitary napkins. 8 Mobiltech Ship and aircraft construction, other automobiles. Automobile interior carpets, airbags, Car upholstery seat cover body covers and helmets. 9 Oekotech Environmental protection, waste disposal and recycling. Filter systems (air/water), Landfill textiles, Soil seals, Textile drainage systems and Erosion prevention systems 10 Packtech Packaging, covering and transportation industry. Flexible intermediate bulk containers, Jute products, sacks, Leno bags, and Soft luggage. 11 Protech Personal and property protection. Bulletproof jackets, Fire flame retardant apparel fabrics, High altitude visibility clothing, 12 Sportech Different sport and leisure activities. Artificial turf, Parachute fabrics, Sail cloths, Sleeping bags and Swimwear Detailed information on three applications: 1 Protective textile (protech) Protective textiles are made from textile-based material to protect the user from various hazard and critical conditions, which could affect on person life. Mostly used in civil, military, hospitals and manufacturing industries[6]. Selection factors for designing: Clothing configuration of components and options Sizes Ease of pull on and take off Clothing construction Space for other selected ensemble equipment Comfort and restriction of mobility Selection type of protection according to the surrounding. Fibres used for making: Meta-Para aramids for high resistance to tear and tensile strength Wool viscose polyamide for repellency of molten metal, heat insulation and transparency. Glass fibre for High resistance and insulation. Modacrylic cotton for electric arc flash protection, comfort and flame-resistant. it can also be used as efficient skin friendly and antistatic fibre. Polyamide for extreme resistance and low ageing High-performance polyolefin fibre Types of Protective Textiles Ballistic Protection Garments Garments manufactured under this category are under high standards by the different government authorities (for e.g. NIJ and HOSDB -) on the basis of type and the level of a threat produced by a projectile. Fibres used for manufacturing these segment are normally very efficient to protect against penetration of sharp object. They are able to absorb a high amount of energy due to their high modules; elasticity; tenacity and low density. Most of the bullet resistant armor uses multiple layers of woven fabric. A higher number of layers define the degree of protection. Hard armor has ceramic or metal plate with polymer backings, which prevents a body from the force of projectile and brittle fragmentation of the plate. Soft body armor is mainly used for lower ballistic threat or cut resistance from knives, needles and Sharpe objects. Close weave with film lamination and abrasive coating are normally used to improve penetration resistance. Physical requirements of the fabric High durability and dimensional stability lightweight and low bulk Good handle and drape Low noise emission www.securityprousa.com http://www.smgroupindia.com/ http://c8.alamy.com DOYENTRONTEX ® Bulletproof (http://www.bjtyz.com) www.safeguardarmour.co.uk http://www.worldmilitary.org Blunt Impact Protection Textiles Such textiles protect the wearer against injuries produced by blunt impacts. For the people involved in corrections and military troops, the protection against blunt impact threats can be a matter of survival. Technical standard for such fabrics are established over the years by government agencies. A balance is required between protection and functionality to have good flexibility and mobility for user. Good air circulation underneath the PPE suit can protect users against heat stroke or hyperthermia. This includes protection from vehicle accidents, falls, and physical assaults with weapons like bats and metal bars. Pressure Hazard Protection Used for protection against extremely high and low external pressures such as; deep sea diving, space and fighter aircraft. Fully air impermeable suits and can withstand extreme conditions and they have a dedicated air supply support system. Generally, these suits are made using the textile materials such as Nylon tricot knitted fabric, Spandex, Urethane-coated Nylon, Dacron, Neoprene-coated Nylon, Mylar, Gortex, Kevlar, Nomex. Environmental Hazard Protection Generally used for survival and operation in temperatures below-30  °C. Such garments are multi-layered and consist of: Non-absorbent inner layer Middle insulating layer capable of trapping air but permeable to moisture An outer layer that is impermeable to wind and water Fire Hazard Protection Flame resistance in fabrics are produced using flame resistant materials and fibres such as, Nomex Polyamide Polypropylene Kevlar Carbon Glass Propane treated cotton Polyester Modacrylic Fire Fighters clothing contains a flame resistant inner layer with moisture and thermal barrier lining. Outer Casing provides flame , thermal and mechanical resistance. This layer must be suitable for all climatic conditions. The moisture barrier to keep the firefighter dry and must prevent water penetration. The thermal barrier provides the main protection against heat. Chemical and Biological Hazard Protection Such protective textiles safeguard the human body from direct contact with hazardous substances such as bacteria and chemicals. These textiles are used in the following instances: Emergency chemical and biological hazard response Handling of chemical waste Acid baths and other treatments in electronics manufacturing Equipment leaks or failures Handling of liquid chemicals in manufacturing Application of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals. A typical chemical and biological protective textile consist of 3 main components: A textile outer layer(woven or non-woven) An inner layer of protective material Textile liner fabric. There are 4 types of protective materials with their different capabilities: Air- permeable materials Semipermeable materials Selectively permeable materials (SPMS) (Protective barrier to chemicals, allow only moisture from body to flow out) Impermeable materials Electrical Hazard Protection Electrical hazards include: Electromagnetic protection Electrostatic protection Such protective garments shall consist of conductive fibres such as carbon fibre, synthetic fibres, metal fibres with carbon core and conductive polymer. Another method like coating or laminating can be use for manufacturing this kind of fabric. The fabric with high electrical conductivity materials or application of conductive finish to the fabric 2 Agriculture Textile (Agrotech) The word Agro textiles is used to classify the fabrics which are useful for agricultural and horticultural including livestock protection, shading, weed and insect control, and extension of the growing season. These products are mostly used for crop protection and yield enhancement. They help to control environmental factors like temperature, water and humidity and also prevents damage to agro products from wind, rain and birds. Technology used for agro textiles There are different forms of agro textiles available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in agro textiles. Fibres used in agro textiles are as follows: Polyolefin Nylon Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Jute Wool Amongst natural fibres jute and wool are used. After some time they degrade and act as a natural fertilizer. Agrotech application area Products Agriculture Sunlight, Wind and weed protection, water retention, Physical damage protection. Aquaculture Fish and anti-fouling nets, Ultraviolet radiation Protection. Horticulture Ultraviolet radiation, Wind, bird and insect protection. Forestry Soil and weed protection for tree plantations Animal Husbandry Belts of polyester and nylon material for animals identification Filtering of milk in an automatic milking system Underlay to reduce the mud on cattle paths and trails Properties of Agro textiles Below mentioned properties are required in selection of agro textile such as, Must have resistance to micro-organisms Agro textile are normally used in a moist environment prone to growth of microorganism hence it should be resistant to prevent destruction. Should withstand solar radiation They are placed over the cultivated areas instantly after sowing or planting. Hence, For such application, it has to withstand change in temperature. Withstands ultraviolet radiation To prevent degradation of molecular chains of man-made fibres caused by UV rays, they are treated with the suitable UV stabilizers. Biodegradability Natural fibres are used to achieve biodegradability. It gives the advantage of bio-degradation but has low service life when compared to the synthetics. High potential to retain water This is achieved by super-absorber fibre materials which allow holding high amounts of water for longer duration. Protection property Protection from the wind, temperature and humidity and to maintain desired condition of climate a micro-climate between ground and textile material has been created, which results in favourable condition for earlier harvests Dimensional stability This property prevents the fabric to loosen up while it is being used, as the loosening or change in dimensions of the material may lead to non-usability of the material Flexibility To allow the usage of agro textiles in variable areas and places 3 Packaging Textile( Packteck) Packtech includes several flexible packing materials made of textile used for packing various goods for industrial, agricultural, consumer and other goods. It ranges from polymer based bags used for industrial packing to jute based sacks used for packaging food grains and packaging used for tea[7]. Sacs Fertiliser, sand, cement, sugar, flour to dyestuffs Wrapping and protection applications Tea and coffee bags Nonwoven insert Knitted net packaging Silos, containers Canvas covers, marquee tents. The technology used for packtech: There are different forms of packaging available such as: Nets Sheets Woven Nonwovens Knitted Coated Fibres used Synthetic as well as natural fibres are used in packtech. Fibres used in packteck are as follows: Nylon Polyester Polyethylene or high-density polyethylene(HDPE) Polypropylene (PP) Jute cotton Polyolefin Woven Sacks Woven sacks are manufactured out of PP/HDPE materials. These are laminated or non-laminated, ultraviolet stabilised TiO2, CaCO2 or anti-slip coated. They have following advantages, Higher Strength, Light Weight, Minimal Leakage, Moisture Proof Durable Suitable for reuse Polyolefin (HDPE/PP) woven sacks are one of the packing materials used widely in the packing of cement, fertilisers, thermo plastic raw materials, food grains, sugar, Fertilisers, Chemicals, Food Grains, Cattle Feed, Salt. Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC) FIBCs are similar to the HDPE/PP bags but that of a larger size. FIBCs are cost effective and ideal type of packaging. It is used for storage and shipping of dry bulk products. It is produced from tubular or flat PP woven fabrics. such fabrics can be coated or uncoated and they vary in terms of weights depending upon the requirements of the Safe Working Load (SWL), or Safety Factor (SF). Leno Bags Leno bags are excellent for packing preserving material for and fruits. The Leno bags have widths between 20cm to 72cm. The mesh again is as per requirement with a maximum of 574 tapes in the warp in different colours. Leno bags on an average weigh 50g (or less). Leno bags have extra ordinary chemical and mechanical properties. Wrapping Fabric Wrapping fabric is made out of HDPE/PP, cotton canvas, etc. The fabric is available in roll form and can be installed on automatic machines. These fabrics are widely used in industries. Soft Luggage Soft luggage is made out of woven fabrics like nylon and polyester. It includes uprights, totes and duffle bags which available with or without wheels and handles. Due to cost effectiveness and lightweight, more and more people are shifting from hard luggage to soft goods. Jute Hessian Jute Hessian (Burlap) is quality jute and is widely used since years. it is suitable for variety range of goods. Hessian is used for bags. Currently, shopping bags are being made out of hessian fabrics. It is also used in the upholstery and home furniture. A plain woven fabric made of 100% Jute with single warp and weft interwoven; weight of fabric is less than 576 GSM. Hessian fabrics are lighter than sacking fabrics. Jute bagging material is mainly use due to openness of the weave which allows air to circulate while protecting the substances. Sacking bags, specifically it is use for storage agro-based products. Tea Bags Tea bags consist of a filter paper pouch with a thread, which holds the tea powder and a tag. The filter paper is made with a blend of wood and vegetable fibres. Heat-sealed tea bag paper usually has a heat-sealable thermoplastic materials such as PVC or polypropylene, inner side of tea bags are made from 100% nonwoven technical textile surface. The filter paper with 12-17 GSM non-woven material is use. The heat-sealing type tea bag paper is of 16.5 to 17 GSM approx. while the non-heat-sealed tea bag paper is around 12-13 GSM. Recent development and market of technical textile: According to techtextil, the technical textiles market is expected to hit 175 billion US-Dollars by 2020, almost doubling from 93 billion US-Dollars in 2000. Technical textiles account for 27% of worldwide fabric production[8]. Some example of modern textile fibre fabrics are: Breathable artificial fabrics Ultra-lightweight high-stretch synthetic fibres, Thin light reflective fabrics, Hollow fibres Blended fibres Ultra micro fibres. 3-D structured fabrics. Metallic textiles Extreme Sportswear This exquisite fabric. Phase change materials. Electronic textiles are normally known as the e-textiles or smart textiles. Here are some examples of this type of textile: Sports shoes Wearable computer jackets Warning vests Photonic textiles for innovative lighting solutions Wearable E-Health system Electronic Textiles to Help Battlefield Medics Global positioning system (GPS) jackets. Reference : Technical Textile Overview History, Classification, Technology, Market, End Uses. Technicaltextile.net. N.p., 2017. Web. 16 Mar. 2017. The Textile Institute, textile terms and definition, tenth edition, Textile institute, Manchester, 1994. Yarns Used In Technical Textiles. http://www.indiantextilejournal.com. N.p., 2013. Web. 30 Mar. 2017. Horrocks, A. Richard. Handbook Of Technical Textiles. 1st ed. Abington: The Textile Institute, 2008. Print. Frankfurt, Messe. Application Areas. Techtextil. messefrankfurt.com. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017. Scott, Richard A. Textiles For Protection. 1st ed. Cambridge: Woodhead Pub., 2005. Print. Knowledge Documents, Technicaltextiles.Gov.In. Technicaltextile.gov.in. N.p., 2017. Web. 18 Mar. 2017. 2016 Top Markets Report-Technical Textile. http://trade.gov/topmarkets/pdf/Textiles_Top_Markets_Report.pdf. N. p., 2017. Web. 17 Mar. 2017.

Volunteer Military Service

Volunteer Military Service The United States military is by far the most advance in the world. Our country is filled with passion and patriotic citizens who would give their lives for this country. The United States also has one of the largest militaries in the world with the highest trained soldiers on this planet. The United States military has a variety of special forces soldiers who are send out on top missions and operations around the world. The American soldiers are one of the most appreciated people in the United States today because of the recent wars with Afghanistan and Iraq.What stands out the most with the American soldiers in this country is the willingness to volunteer for this country. Volunteering means to freely offer to do something, which the soldiers in the United States are doing today. The United States military has many enlistees everyday ranging from men and women for every branch of service. The United States military today is over manned in every branch of service along with a bad economy in this country. Also, many people today are trying to join because of unemployment and the military provides a salary for people who have no income.The United States government should continue to use its volunteer military service because of the over manning numbers of enlistees today. The United States government should also explore more with volunteering especially with female soldiers that are part of the military who wish to volunteer for training in combat related jobs in the military. Women should also be able to register to the Selective Service if they wish to do so. This will make the United States military more diverse and will allow more opportunities for women.The United States government has done a great job implicating the all volunteer military service since the end of the draft in 1973 after the Vietnam War. The citizens of America have set aside their own personal lives to volunteer and fight for their country. People of all ethnici ties and religions come together as a team to protect their country from terrorism and other threats from around the world. According to â€Å"Defending the all-volunteer force† Each year about 170,000 young men and women volunteer for the active-duty force and another 140,000 for the reserve and Guard.An additional 30,000 are commissioned as officers and join the active and reserve components. Those who enlist come from all parts of the country, from households all across the economic spectrum, and from all races and ethnicities (Gilroy). The citizens who volunteer for this country are considered true American heroes. The volunteers of this country choice to fight for the United States of America and were not obligated to but decided to for the love they have for this country. This is why the all volunteer military service works because of the heart and dedication that the volunteers have for this country.A military draft wouldn’t find enough dedicated men and women w ho would have to be force to fight and risk their lives in a war that they didn’t sign up for. â€Å"It would be prudent to say the US Military does not want a military draft, as motivated volunteers are much more desirable than reluctant conscripts† (Military Spot). The military draft can never return especially in this new generation that the American citizens live in today. There would be outrage throughout the country and protests in Washington D. C. The military draft is unethical and is violating American citizens rights that our founding fathers gave us. The 13th Amendment makes quite clear that â€Å"involuntary servitude† is not permitted. And, the principle of â€Å"positive grant† espoused by the 10th Amendment states that any power not specifically given to the federal government by the constitution is â€Å"reserved to the States, respectively, or to the People† (Boldin). If the United States of America used the draft again it will tar nish the meaning of freedom in this country. The United States government should never force people to fight in a war that they do not believe in.Ripping out fathers, brothers, and sons from their homes and families is completely wrong especially if they do not return home from war. â€Å"Forcing someone to work for the state; forcing someone to kill or be killed; forcing someone to do anything at the point of a gun under threat of prison or even death is involuntary servitude. Of all the forms of slavery that have existed throughout history, forcing someone to fight and die in war is by far the most disgusting, and is a form of murder against all who don’t survive† (Boldin).Women have grown independent power throughout the past decades. A problem has recently come across within the past years with women in the military who are asking to be in combat positions in the military. The military does not allow women to have jobs involving combat and has yet to make an effort to change this problem. The problem is that women have not been given an opportunity to at least try for combat related job training. Women in the military have rose to the occasion numerous times but, are never nationally recognize for your services in war. Women are displaying great courage and skill in ambushes, firefights, and battles on the ground. They are not just surviving, but earning medals for valor in combat. On March 20, 2005, Army Sgt. Leigh Ann Hester was in a convoy of twenty-six vehicles that came under enemy ambush by fifty insurgents. Sgt. Hester â€Å"led her team through the ‘kill zone' and into a flanking position, where she assaulted a trench line with grenades and M203 grenade-launcher rounds. Sgt. Hester killed at least three insurgents† and was awarded the Silver Star for her bravery under fire† (McSally). Sgt.Hester was brave and courageous in a high stress situation where her life and others were on the line. Sgt. Hester has obviously proven herself and the United States military that she deserves an opportunity for a combat related job in the military. The United States government should at least consider looking into this important problem and test women to see if their at least physical fit for the job training. In conclusion, the United States government should continue the volunteer military service because of the large number dedicated volunteers who fight for this country.A military draft would simply be not necessary for this country because the United States military already has a large number of enlisted soldiers. The military draft is an unmoral act of forcefulness on the citizens of the United States and will have a negative effect on the country. The United States government needs to put more time and consideration for the women of the military. Women in the military should be able to train in any job if they’re capable of completing the necessary training for the job. This will make the Unite d States military equal in everything that implies with the military especially for women.Works Cited Boldin, Michael. â€Å"The Military Draft: A Moral Abomination. † The Military Draft: A Moral Abomination. Tenth Amendment, 3 Apr. 2007. Web. 17 Apr. 2012. Gilroy, Curtis L. â€Å"Defending the All-volunteer Force. † ARMED FORCES JOURNAL. ARMED FORCES JOURNAL, 14 Apr. 2010. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. McSally, Martha. â€Å"WOMEN IN COMBAT: IS THE CURRENT POLICY OBSOLETE? † www. law. duke. edu. Duke Journal of Gender Law & Policy. Web. 16 Apr. 2012. Spot, Military. â€Å"Military Draft. † MilitarySpot. com. Military Spot, 13 Mar. 2009. Web. 16 Apr. 2012.

The Nonverbal Decoding Ability

1. Bonnet, C. (1993). Adoption at birth: prevention against abandonment or neonaticide. Child Abuse Negl, 17(4), 501-13. This study aims to clarify some of the anomalies that exist between abandoning a child at a public place and the choices made by the parents at the time of the birth of a child. 2. Bowen, E. , & Nowicki, S. (2007). The Nonverbal Decoding Ability of Children Exposed to Family Violence or Maltreatment: Prospective Evidence from a British Cohort. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31(3), 169-184.This study outlined as to how the exposure of children to family violence and maltreatment in first four years of age can influence a child’s expression of fear and other related psychological issues. 3. Buller, David. (2005). adapting minds: evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature. MIT Press: New York. This book presents a philosophical analysis of evolutionary psychology and discusses some of the most important works in this field. 4. Castellucci & Plum. (1999). Ethics and Adoption Indeed. Retrieved 24 April 2009 from http://www. bastards. org/bq/bq11/ebdrep. htmThese are some of the notes from Evan B Donaldson Symposium on Ethics and Adoption and basically discuss some of the work presented by the participants in that symposium. 5. Conte, J. R. , & Schuerman, J. R. (1987). Factors associated with an increased impact of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 11(2), 201. This study dealt with the factors in assessing the impact of sexual abuse on children. Results indicated that there are variable results indicating different degree of variability of the results. 6. Daro, D. , & McCurdy, K. (n. d. ). Preventing child abuse and neglect: programmatic interventions.Child Welfare, 73(5), 405. This study provides an insight into how the prevention efforts at altering such behaviors can contribute towards the overall risk to the children and the families. This study further discusses as to what we know about the efficacy and e fficiency of such efforts and what some of the problems being faced are. 7. Finkelhor, D. , Williams, L. M. , & Burns, N. (1988). Nursery crimes: Sexual abuse in day care. No. : ISBN 0-8039-3400-9, 272. This study provides an empirical evidence of the child abuse taking place within the daycare facilities with children under the age of 7 years.This article therefore defines the nature of the problem, the effectiveness of the different investigation methods as well as the impact of such incidences on the community as a whole. 8. Gauthier et al. (1996). Recall of Childhood Neglect and Physical Abuse as Differential predictors of Current Psychologically Functioning. Retrieved 24 April, 2009 from http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/8832112 This study attempts to bridge the gaps between the neglect and physical abuse on the psychological functioning of the children.By examining the sample of 236 male and 276 female undergraduate students, this study therefore empirically concluded tha t there is an strong relationship between the physical abuse and psychological functioning. 9. Gelles, R. J. , & Harrop, J. W. (1991). The risk of abusive violence among children with nongenetic caretakers. Family Relations, 78-83. By using a sample of more than 6000 participants, this study attempted to understand whether the non-genetic caretakers use more violence than the genetic caretakers. 10. Golden, O. (2000). The federal response to child abuse and neglect. The American psychologist, 55(9), 1050.This study outlines some of the efforts of the administration on children and family in improving the lives of the maltreated children. 11. Groza, V. , & Ryan, S. D. (2002). Pre-adoption stress and its association with child behavior in domestic special needs and international adoptions. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27(1-2), 181-197. This study focused on the cross sectional data analysis of the adopted children from US and Romania. The major findings of this study include the recommen dations for families to understand how negative experiences in early childhood can affect child behavior. 12.Hill, R. B. (1977). Informal Adoption among Black Families. This is the study on the informal adaptation patterns of children in Black American families and outlined how different factors contribute to such patterns. 13. McNamara, Carter. (2008) Analyzing, Interpreting and Reporting Basic Research results. Free Management Library. Retrieved 24 April 2009 from http://managementhelp. org/research/analyze. htm This article, published on internet describes as to how to approach the research professionally and from an academic point of view. 14. Nalavany, B. A. , Ryan, S. D. , Howard, J. A., & Smith, S. L. (2008). Preadoptive child sexual abuse as a predictor of moves in care, adoption disruptions, and inconsistent adoptive parent commitment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32(12), 1084-1088. This study actually attempts to reinforce a small body of research that the CSA complicates furthe r the child adaptation process. 15. Spinetta, J. J. , & ER, D. (n. d. ). The child-abusing parent: A psychological review. Child Abuse: A Multidisciplinary Survey, 14. 16. Tan, T. X. (2006). History of Early Neglect and Middle Childhood Social Competence: An Adoption Study. Adoption Quarterly, 9(4), 59.This study examines whether the earlier history of neglect and maltreatment in infancy has any influence over the competence of the children when they reach the adolescence. This study further assesses the impact of such on the social interaction of children as well as their performance in the extracurricular activities. 17. Tongue, A. C. (1991). The ophthalmologist's role in diagnosing child abuse. Ophthalmology, 98(7), 1009. This study discusses the role of Ophthalmologist in diagnosing the early child abuse and as such provides certain recommendations as to how such violations can be decreased. 18. Watson et al. (1994).Substitute Care Providers: Helping Abused and Neglected Childre n. DIANE publishing Chicago This study provides insight into the development of abuse and drug exposure into the children and how to recognize different physical indicators to diagnose such state of children. 19. Wilson, M. I. , Daly, M. , & Weghorst, S. J. (2008). Household composition and the risk of child abuse and neglect. Journal of Biosocial Science, 12(03), 333-340 This study attempted to assess how the different factors such as family composition, income, age of the victim as well as household consumption can result into child abuse. 20. Harter, Susan.(2001). the Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press: New Jersey This book attempts to explain as to how the children and their self perception about themselves define their relationship with others. This book therefore also provides the information about the self development of children which take place over the period of time. 21. Grotevant, Harold. (2005). Minnesota/ Texas Adoption research Proje ct. Retrieved 24 April 2009 from http://cehd. umn. edu/FSoS/assets/pdf/ResearchDiscovery/Procedures_Measures2. pdf This study basically attempt to measure the validity of different hypothesis

Essay Sample on Design After the Internet Revolution

Essay Sample on Design After the Internet Revolution The introduction of the internet has had a huge impact on most peoples lives, a new source of information and communication, and for businesses, a new area of advertising, marketing and a virtual expansion of the shop floor. With the ever changing requirements of businesses and with all the competition that the global network forces on the market, becoming a part of the internet revolution and having a web site that reflects the services and calibre of a business, has become paramount for most companies. Because technology is improving all of the time, the competition has become fierce and the challenge for the graphic designer to use traditional design practices in a digital environment to create attractive and functional web sites has also become competitive. In the early days of the internet, web page construction was a relatively simple process. there was only one browser for viewing pages, and the constraints of the medium meant that the placement of small images in relation to text was the only consideration. As with designing for print, the graphic designers role is to create web pages with the appropriate visual form. Fundamentally the use of colour, text and imagery stay the same, but there is more to web site design than this. A designer must understand the possibilities and limitations of web design as well as the use of interactivity, where pages can respond to the viewers actions. All web publishing is intended to be viewed on screen. This means that the final outcome of the design may be altered slightly by the viewer, depending on which browser they use or by the set up or preferences they may have chosen for their computer. This becomes a new challenge for the designer because they must adapt to make the best of this environment. The most common factors that can affect the way that a web page is viewed are monitor resolutions and the size of the browser window, there are also differences in the way displays are viewed on a Macintosh and on a PC. This becomes a crucial factor when we consider that most designers work on Macs and over 90% of web surfers use a PC. Another key difference between design for print and design for screen, is that most print designs, i.e.. books and magazines are oriented for portrait formats, in contrast, computer monitors are landscape oriented devices. This means that many existing print designs do not directly translate into good web page designs. Although tall web pages can be scrolled, this is a poor answer to a design problem. A designer must be able to carefully plan and create a structured page navigation system and must understand the limitations of their works intended audiences, not just the possibilities. Interactivity is a key element of any web site. A designers role is to make the site dynamic and create an environment that encourages the user to stay and explore areas of the site that provide more information. Web designers must fully understand the concepts of interaction in order to use them appropriately. The simplest form of interaction is a clickable hypertext link, this provides access to a new page by clicking on the text item displayed on screen. A designer may wish to make link items more interesting by using rollover buttons. These work the same way as text links, but are more visual and provide more feedback to the viewer so it is clear that the item is definitely a clickable link. By using a second rollover image, these buttons may appear to change colour, lighten up or become depressed. Whichever form of interaction a designer chooses to use, the key goal is to produce a functional web site that is aesthetically pleasing and inviting to a universal audience. A designer may be called to work upon a varied range of web sites, ranging from educational, cultural and non profit making organisations to commercial and financial companies. Many companies who entered the cyber market-place early are aware that their original web presence may be out dated and require a fresh look. Due to new technology which now offers greater functionality and scope to web sites, the graphic designer can find challenging and varied prospects within the world of internet design. You can also order a custom research paper, term paper, thesis, dissertation or essay on design from our professional custom essay writing service which provides high-quality custom written papers. Here is a list of the most popular essay topics on design: 1. Questionnaire of design activities 2. Network design 3. How good packaging design increase product sales 4. Service design and variety 5. Interior design 6. Web Design for Graphic Design 7. Information Technology Design 8. Design Arguments History 9. The Seventeenth Century and Graphic Design 10. Business Research Design 11. How will the information help me as an interior designer? 12. The Pros and Cons of  becoming a fashion designer 13. Design and Manufacturing in Industries 14. Transportation design process 15. XML | Applications for Business Process Analysis Design 16. Industrial design 17. Industrial revolution and its effects on victorian interior design 18. Designing Profitable Menus 19. Software Design for Telephone System 20. Importance of Emotional Response in Shelter Design 21. Language design implementation 22. Chip Design

History of Uganda Essay Essay Example

History of Uganda Essay Essay Example History of Uganda Essay Essay History of Uganda Essay Essay In the twelvemonth 1890 to 1926. the British authorities forged what is today the state called Uganda although they are non the initial integrity negotiants in the state. The derivation of the name Uganda was from the land of Buganda. This land encompasses the southern part which includes Kampala. its capital metropolis. Prior to the fusion of the state by the British. the state was under the control of the dynasty of the Bachwezi. These are the same people who had an influence upon Rwanda. the authorities of Tanzania every bit good as Congo in the period 1100 to 1600 AD ( Akallo A ; Alford 38-40 ) . Background Information about Uganda The state of Uganda is an East African landlocked state which takes its name from the land of the Buganda. This has the encompassing of the part in the southern portion of the state which incorporates Kampala. its capital metropolis. This East African state boundary lines Kenya. Sudan. DRC. Rwanda and Tanzania. It is land locked and its southern side is made up of Lake Victoria where the boundary lines to Kenya and Tanzania intersect ( White 1-6 ) . About the LRA The Lords Resistance Army is a guerilla ground forces of a sectarian type whose base is in the northern portion of Uganda. The LRA emerged out of the wreckage of the Uganda National Liberation Army in 1986. and settled down by Joseph Kony in early 1987. The activities of the group include armed rebellion directed to the Ugandan authorities doing it a major struggle in Africa as one of the longest-running struggles LRA was involved in perpetrating maltreatments every bit good as atrociousnesss of high magnitude runing from abduction. maiming. raping of the female. mass violent death of the civilians and largely the kids. The motion besides played a polar function in the destabilization of the northern part of Uganda runing from Sudan. which was their base. They besides congregated in an eastern part in Congo called Bunia. They made links with Army for Liberation of Rwanda. the ( ALIR ) among other Rebel groups ( White 1-6 ) . LRA came into being in 1987 for the intent of battle in the armed rebellion directed to the authorities of Uganda. This has been a major struggle in Africa. The leader of the group. Joseph Kony was in a place for self announcement as Gods spokesman every bit good as a Holy Spirit medium. Harmonizing to the belief of the Acholi. there is a possibility for diverse signifiers of manifestation by the Holy Spirit. This group holds to syncretic blend affecting the Christianity. the mysticism every bit good as Islam. the traditional faiths in Uganda every bit good as witchery. The claims of the group are the constitution of theocratic province whose footing is the Ten Commandments in line with the tradition of the Acholi. This group has been a focal point for accusals for the misdemeanor of human rights. This include actions of slaying. forcing of the kids to take portion in the violent belligerencies. their abduction and mutilation. sexual captivity of the kids every bit good as adult females The beginning and history of the LRA The ground forces is projected to incorporate two 1000 members working in northern parts of Uganda every bit good as southern portion of Sudan. The ground forces has been propped by the state of Sudan. Majority of its operations are based in the northern parts of Uganda although there is grounds of its operations in some parts in the DRC of Congo every bit good as Sudan ( Akallo A ; Alford 38-40 ) . Ideology of the LRA The LRA reportedly is responsible for the evocation of the patriotism of Acholi people on juncture. but bulk of the perceivers have a negative feeling with respect to the earnestness of their activities. The motivations behind the operations of the group are the overthrowing of the incumbent authorities of Uganda with the attendant replacing of the government that will follow with the execution of the Christianity trade name of the group. In frequent occasions. the group is involved in the snatch every bit good as the blackwash of the local civilians for the intent of the disheartenment of any foreign investing every bit good as the precipitation of the crisis in the authorities ( Akallo A ; Alford 38-40 ) . What the LRA have done The group terrorized the locals people. larceny from small towns. flaring huts. barbarous mutilation of the villagers. Slaughters and atrociousnesss took topographic point to people in many small towns. Majority of those people were displaced from their places and were forced by the fortunes to populate in the caps where life was suffering. The entree to nutrient every bit good as medical attention among other human necessities was hard to obtain. The group abducted vulnerable kids to do foot-soldiers this made them to give up their opportunities for schooling every bit good as the development of their societal lives. The kids were forced to kill people chiefly the villagers. their household members or even friends. LRA killed over 200 people and kidnapped at least 20 kids from small towns over a three-day period in the past 20yrs. So far. The LRA has abducted over 20. 000 kids. coercing male childs to contend as soldiers and misss to function as sex or labour slaves. ( United Nations ) How the LRA affected the people’s lives in Uganda Many people in Uganda lost their place and lives. Childs who were used to be child soldiers have been suffered in physical or emotional ways. LRA has been documented as holding abducted above 60 000 kids every bit good as young person in Uganda. In every three of the male stripling. one of them has been abducted. while in every 6 of the female stripling. one of them has been abducted. The immature adult females every bit good as the misss of the beginning of the Acholi every bit good as the Langi are used to execute some jobs while in imprisonment for the Rebels and their kidnappers. These include taking H2O. cookery. carrying of supplies. cleaning for the commanding officers of the ground forces. They besides played the functions of forced married womans to the group members and therefore the bulks were impregnated. Increasing HIV / AIDS rate The struggle of LRA has a great consequence on the kids due to intensifying incidences of premature sex. premature matrimonies. befoulments of great magnitudes. incidences of colza every bit good as sexual torment. In the extreme of these state of affairss the immature misss every bit good as adult females who are the victims of the abduction are made married womans to the Rebels. This has an deduction of exposure to HIV/AIDs. These immature adult females upon being rescued from the Rebels normally encounter hard life state of affairss taking to their engagement in harlotry. The same applies to those who have been displaced and fall back to populate in cantonments. This has besides contributed to intensifying instances of HIV/AIDs. This state of affairs is common ion the northern part of Uganda ( Gatwech 23-43 ) . Uganda has seen one of the most effectual national responses to the HIV/AIDS pandemic on the African continent. Harmonizing to the Uganda Aids Commission. so far. around 130. 000 Ugandans are infected with the HIV virus every twelvemonth. Over 1. 000. 000 ( one million ) citizens in the state of Uganda is the existent estimation existing with HIV. 520. 000 of them being adult females while 110. 000 of them are kids ( Gatwech 23-43 ) . The lives of the ex-child soldiers were distorted by the effects of the engagement in the activities of the group. It was hard for the kids to travel back to schools. Majority of the were in a state of affairs that they needed some more opportunities in order to restart to normal life. This is because to the bulk abduction took topographic point at a phase that was early in life. The immature soldiers greatly fear to take engagement in retaliation every bit good as a opportunity of credence. Majority of the citizens consider these childs to be slayers but the fact is that they are normally really good people ( Gatwech 23-43 ) . Decision and solutions In decision. to work out this internal struggle. the authorities is duty edge to carry on the development every bit good as the execution of the most comprehensive scheme turn toing issue of security. human-centered action every bit good as political action. The ground forces should be reformed every bit good as re-oriented which is merely accomplishable through the proviso of a way responsible for the dialogue and let for the passage of the state to greater democracy. The life of the immature kids who took portion in the struggle is at hazard and the duty of their rehabilitation falls on the authorities. Akallo. Grace. A ; Alford. Deann. â€Å"Survived Hell† Ignite Your Faith Vol. 65 Issue 8. p38-40 2007. Gatwech. Shame. â€Å"More victims of LRA Rebels revealed in South Sudan† Sudan Tribune p23-43. 2009. White. C. Todd. â€Å"Uganda† Country Report p1-6. 6p. 2007

Murals and Popular Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Murals and Popular Culture - Essay Example His references, nonetheless, to mass-generated products and to magazines, movies and different parts of the broad communications, together with his impartial and apparently nameless system, made him be viewed as one of the key figures in the improvement of Pop craft in the US (Hamilton 251). Very nearly by definition, prominent society has accomplished a massive worldwide taking after definitely in light of the fact that it is central For some subjects of different nations, however, the close assume control of their own social commercial ventures, particularly for more youthful gatherings of people, is of incredible concern. As humanists Murals paid attention to popular society in that they tried to convey popular culture values and qualities s to people in society in their paintings (Hamilton 254). Take an example of rock music and art. Its fascination is not only because of a specific inclination for uproarious, cadenced sound and hazardously physical moving. Rock music likewise sy mbolizes an entire bunch of social qualities concerning verbalization toward oneself, spontaneity, discharged sexuality, and maybe above all, disobedience of the asserted stodginess of convention. Murals defined their amazing style of painting in the mid-twentieth century when publicizing was discovering new parkways in mediums, for example, the announcement. Murals and other pop culture activists in the U.S kept on developing plans regarding workmanship, industry, and mainstream society all around the century. Are Rosenbergs momentous works about prominent society as applicable today as they were throughout their lifetime? To answer this inquiry, contrast Rosenquists wall paintings with a contemporary extensive scale two-dimensional work which shows how murals valued popular culture in their art paintings (Hamilton 251).

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Explain a motion for discovery and for Essay

TEXTBOOK CJ2012 FAGIN-Explain a motion for discovery and for suppression - Essay Example Thus, any evidence, which the police gather in violation of the provisions of these amendments, becomes invalid in a court of law to secure a conviction. The defendant in a criminal case has to right to request to the court to instruct the prosecution to provide him or her all the materials that they have gathered as evidence in the alleged offence. This will help the defendant to understand the nature of the evidences that the prosecution will use to argue their case. Thus, an examination of these evidences will enable the defendant to prepare for the trial and prove his or her innocence. The courts in the US function with a view to ensure a free and fair trial to all citizens. Therefore, it is in the interest of justice that the defendant be given all opportunities to examine the evidences that the prosecution has collected against him. During the trial, the prosecution, who is already in possession of the evidence, will use these materials to argue their case to prove that the defendant has committed a particular offence. Hence, in the interest of natural justice, the defendant also must receive the opportunity to examine the evid ence so that he or she can prepare the defense accordingly during the trial. It is on this premise, to ensure fair trial, that the defendant is provided the right to the motion for discovery. The motion to suppress is another significant right offered to the defendants under the provisions of the law, to ensure a free and fair trial, through the Fourth and Fifth Amendments to the Constitution. This provision confers on defendants the right for a motion, requesting the court to direct the prosecution to suppress certain evidences that have been obtained through illegal means. The main issue at stake in Suppression Motions is whether police officers â€Å"obtained evidence in violation of a constitutional or statutory right† (Jorgensen 7). Thus, if the

Science, Technology, and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Science, Technology, and Society - Essay Example entiate between science and technology and in the last section the author has provided various resources that can be helpful for students in expanding the knowledge. In the introduction section of the text the author discusses the involvement of technology in the society and its impact on society. The author focuses on the issue of privacy and how it has been impacted due to the use of technology. The author states that as an individual increases his/her acceptance of technology in their life, their privacy starts declining. Furthermore the demand for a paperless society has even threatened the privacy of individuals within the society. This is because technology has allowed individuals to operate in a paperless world, but at the same time individuals are increasing the number of copies of their information which is falling in the wrong hands. In the next section the author states that researchers are focusing on the research of STS and they are especially focusing on how the two fields including science as well as technology are impacting the environment of various social institutions. The author states that research in the field of STS focuses on the causal and effect relationship between science and technology and various constructs such as society and politics. The author states that there are various definitions of technology and some of them are correct while others are incorrect and individuals are misusing the term of technology. Various secondary terms have been created in attachment with technology due to the broadness of the field. The author states that in order to define technology an individual needs to consider the various characteristics of technology. After focusing on the difficulty of defining technology, the author focuses on the difference between technology and science. The author states that both the terms are now used in replacement of each other because it is believed that what is technological is even scientific. But this was not the

Catcher in the Rye Immaturity of Holden Caufield Essay Example for Free

Catcher in the Rye Immaturity of Holden Caufield Essay In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher is the Rye, the protagonist Holden Caufield emerges from a trying and emotional series of events and does not grow emotionally but remains as immature as he was at the beginning of the novel. The story is about the difficulties of growing up. Most people come out of their teenager years as more responsible and mature people. Holden goes through many stressful events during the weekend, but instead of coming out more mature and grown up, he still has the same childish views on life; he is violent minded, depressed, confused, and irresponsible. Throughout the whole novel, Holden fantasizes about killing people, he is baffled by sex, and he does not think out his actions. During the beginning of the story, Holden thinks about killing people many times. He wanted to kill Stradlater, his roommate, for dating Jane Gallagher, his old friend. Holden knew what kind of guy Stradlater was and he was afraid he took advantage of Jane. Holden actually does fight Stradlater but gets hurt pretty badly. He then puts his hunting hat on and says it is a â€Å"people shooting† hat. Later on in the story, Holden again thinks about killing people. When Maurice, the pimp, hurts Holden and steals his money, Holden pretends that he had been shot in the stomach and his guts were falling out. He then pretends that he is staggering down the stairs with a gun to shoot Maurice and get revenge. Holden does not actually do this, but it shows how he is immature and violent. Also, while Holden is visiting Phoebe’s school, he sees that someone has written â€Å"fuck† on the wall. He becomes very angry and wants the bash the skull of whoever did that on the marble floor so they are all bloody. Again we see that Holden has much anger in him. He does not know how to deal with it and that shows he has not grown up. Holden also does not ever figure out his views on sex. At the beginning he hates Stradlater because he takes advantage of girls. He says has never done anything to a girl because he always stops when they say â€Å"stop†. Holden says that he would have to really like the girl’s face and really get to know the person before he could have sex with them. When Holden gets to New York he calls Faith Cavendish, who he thinks is a stripper. He does not even know her but he wants to have sex with her. This goes against everything he said before. Then when Holden gets to the hotel Maurice offers Holden a hooker and he accepts. Holden then does not do anything with her because he is nervous and it does not seem right to him. Once again Holden is confused about sex. It is a foreign thing to him and he never figures it out. He has ideals that he sets for himself but he never follows through. He even tries to ask Carl Luce, an old friend, about sex but Carl is uncomfortable talking about it and Holden learns nothing new. Holden never learns how to control his emotions and actions about love and sex. Lastly, Holden does not learn how to think out his actions. In the beginning, Holden makes numerous wrong decisions. He runs away from Pencey without even telling his parents he was kicked out. That was a bad decision because when his parents will have found out he would have been in even more trouble for not telling them. Holden also constantly lies to people throughout the book, which shows his immaturity. Later in the book Holden makes some really poor spur of the moment choices too. He scares Sally Hayes, a girl he goes on a date with, by telling her that they should get married and move up north and live in a cabin. He urges her to do it and even raises his voice. Sally cries and says he is crazy. This shows how Holden does not think out his actions, which in turn hurts himself and others. He also spends money without thinking. Holden spends money on taxis, hotel rooms, food, dates, and the nuns. He does not think about managing his money and then he is forced to take his sister Phoebe’s Christmas money. This hurts himself because he does not want to take Phoebe’s money and it also hurts her because she does not have money to buy people presents. Holden’s lack of thinking hurts himself and others. Lastly, Holden plans to run away to the west and just get away from everyone. He would have done it but Phoebe stops him. Running away would have been really dumb because he didn’t have much money or anywhere to go. Holden never learns to think out his actions and this shows that he does not grow up. In J.D. Salinger’s The Catcher is the Rye, the protagonist Holden Caufield emerges from a trying and emotional series of events and does not grow emotionally but remains as immature as he was at the beginning of the novel. Holden has a violent mind and he thinks about killing people throughout the novel. He also never figures out his views on sex. He thinks he knows his views on sex and what he would do put in certain situations, but he does not follow through with his ideals. Holden also never learns how to think out his decisions. He makes many choices without putting much thought into them and this hurts himself as well as others. Holden Caufield did not emerge from that weekend as a more mature person.

Essay on Internet Privacy - Carnivore May Threaten Privacy

Carnivore May Threaten Internet Privacy      Ã‚   Abstract: In 1999 the FBI launched a new tool, Carnivore, to help it conduct Internet surveillance on criminal suspects. The systems, which are installed directly on Internet Service Providers' networks, process and filter all data communication passing through. This is alarming privacy advocates.    The FBI now has the ability to monitor email through a network snooping scheme known as "Carnivore"i. Carnivore may be used as a surveillance mechanism in investigations by intercepting packets of data sent over the Internet. These data packets include private email sent back and forth between unsuspecting criminals, but may also include the regular law abiding citizen. Privacy advocates have not hesitated to publicly express their fear that Carnivore will give the FBI unlimited, unrestricted access to everyone's emailii. As we speak, Internet wiretapping is unchecked by the law, as it is not prohibited or allowed specifically.    Carnivore functions as an Internet wiretap, typically installed directly on the networks of Internet providers.   The system was dubbed Carnivore for its ability to get to "the meat" of what would otherwise be an enormous quantity of data. Like previous wiretap methods, it intercepts all digital communications and records sent to or from the target of an investigation.   Carnivore's specialty is that it can filter out irrelevant data such as online banking and web surfing, leaving only specific kinds of communications like e-mails. Furthermore, Carnivore only scans the identifying addresses in the 'to' and 'from' fields, not the entire content of electronics messages. The FBI likens it to looking at the front of an envelope.    Carnivore... ...politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT    vii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT viii "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT ix "Telecoms miffed at FBI Meddling" by Declan McCullogh Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37448,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 8, 2000 PDT x "ACLU Needs 'Carnivore' Fix" by Chris Oakes Hotwired Magazine http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,37470,00.html 3:00 a.m. Jul. 12, 2000 PDT xi "FBI system covertly searches e-mail" By Neil King Jr. and Ted Bridis, WSJ Interactive Edition. http://news.cnet.com/news/0-1005-200-2245549.html July 11, 2000 6:01 AM PT

Beloved herself Essay

Introduction Toni Morrison is famed for her portrayal of African American life in her vivid novels, especially her portrayal of African American women and their place and position within society. Morrison was herself born in a working class family but worked hard and attended Howard University and then Cornell University. Although she faced discrimination and sexism throughout her early life, she overcame the obstacles and went on to become a successful editor before writing her first novel in 1970, The Bluest Eye. All of Morrison’s later novels earned her praise and a place within a white-dominated literary world. She used her influence to advance fellow African American writers, but it was Beloved that she became best known for. The novel, which is set in rural Ohio following the Civil War, contains multiple stories, voices, and shifts in time. The narrative swings back and forth in time to reveal the disturbing and complicated maternal experiences of Sethe, now a former slave living with her mother-in-law Baby Suggs and daughter Denver in a farmhouse on the outskirts of Cincinnati. While much of the novel takes place in this 1873 post-war setting, the past lies at the devastating core of the novel and impacts the present with vicious intensity. Indeed, as critic Valerie Smith points out, â€Å"The characters have been so profoundly affected by the experience of slavery that time cannot separate them from its horrors or undo its effects† (345). Certainly, this is the case for Sethe and Paul D, a former Sweet Home slave who comes to live with Sethe and Denver in Ohio after the war. Having endured unspeakable horrors during slavery, both find the past a constant, threatening presence in their lives. To a significant extent, Beloved embodies the past and serves as a disrupting force in the present. Moreover, with her multiple incarnations, Beloved also represents the complex, multi-layered treatment given to maternal experience in the novel. The first and most obvious level of the maternal in Beloved consists of the social and historical realities that lie beneath the text. Morrison acknowledges that the actual story of Margaret Garner of Ohio provides the historical substance of Beloved (qtd. in Naylor 206). According to various accounts, Garner, like Sethe, attempted to kill her children rather return them to slavery (Lerner 60-63). She succeeded in killing one child, whom Morrison transforms into the figure of Beloved herself. According to Morrison, â€Å"I just imagined the life of a dead girl which was the girl that Margaret Garner killed, the baby girl that she killed† (qtd. in Naylor 208). With Garner’s story then becoming Sethe’s, Morrison depicts both the cruel realities of motherhood under slavery and the interiority of such maternal experience. In this process, she exposes the â€Å"the silences in the generic first-person slave narratives† and crosses â€Å"the boundaries between fiction and history† (Grewal 156) Mothering, although about loving, caretaking, nurturing, and teaching, has the primary function of protection that stems from the request to survive. The survival includes that of self and of offspring, who will ensure the existence of future generations of families. Because survival of self is a necessary phase of survival of the offspring, with it come characteristics seemingly unmotherly. Although mothers are stereotypically viewed as soft, selfless, and abounding with patience, in fact, they have the capacity to be selfish, angry, and cruel in the process of being protective of their children. Mothers work to maintain life, or what they regard as right in terms of their definitions of life, regardless of the morality of their actions. And who determines the morality? Mothers are expected to be authoritative in their realm and are charged with the protection, at all costs, of the children of which they are the source or guardian. However, most of them don’t have certain rights or power to make the rules in society to carry out the protection. Therefore it is interesting to examine the social construction of mothering, both for mothers that chose motherhood, and for those upon whom motherhood was imposed; the dismantling of mothering stereotypes; and the way racial tragedies, culture, and survival define a mother’s role. Part of the issue, then, is that we place modern day standards on women from other eras. Another issue is raised as well. It is the question as to what determines how a mother will do her job. The answer includes nature and nurture, as well as, perhaps, the division of essentialism and social constructionism. According to essentialism, a mother has born qualities, nature determined, that manipulate her thought process and her decision-making process. Yet, these born qualities co-exist with environmental factors. Morrison therefore identifies de-essentializing critical strategies that still give a place to the slavery problem but revise the direction of this criticism. Nevertheless, the essentialist versus social constructionist theory still remains inherent to issues of motherhood. Eyer notes that â€Å"bonding is described as a maternal instinct†¦ designed to ensure survival† (69). Yet even the notion of maternal instinct can be questioned, especially if this mean it is to question biological determinism. Once again the issue of essentialism in motherhood is directly related to the social construction of what it is to be a â€Å"Good Mother† (Eyer 69). But who defines motherhood, survival and bonding? Is it possible that physical survival can be worse than death? Is it possible that the mother-child bond, so tightly fused, requires mothers to question the norm of the time, of the societal conditions? To protect may be interpreted as kill, as in Sethe’s case. Do these mothers have the obligation, whether essentialist or socially constructed mothers, to determine what is appropriate mothering in their situations? Perhaps these mothering characters absorb the language of biological determinism and actually use their biological differences as the source of their power, the source of their decisions and choices. The focus of this thesis, then, is the breakdown of the stereotype of mother as a result of racial and cultural oppressions in the most extreme circumstances, or after these extreme circumstances, illustrating that the cultures themselves are not always supportive of mothers and their inherent roles in society. The thesis also focuses on the crucial mothering characters in Toni Morrison’s Beloved, as well as offers relevant theoretical background that provides important perspectives on mothering in racial and cultural contexts. Morrison presents mothers who are very willing to be soft and hard, loving and cruel, moral and amoral for the sake of future generations. In Beloved, the crucial mothers are Sethe’s mother, Sethe, Baby Suggs, and Denver. Ella and Nan, though briefly addressed, are not considered central, as their mothering or othermothering capacities are demonstrated in a limited manner. The thesis would argue further, based upon the actions of Sethe that the socially constructed mother may refuse to act in full accordance with essentialism, for the purpose to do what they feel right, rather than the rules and morality based on social definitions. A lot of sources have been examined throughout this literary research study. A brief literature review on these sources is presented further. Deborah White in Ar’n’t I a Woman? attempts the mythology of the Southern mammy and other myths and challenges a richer, more multifaceted picture of the lives of African American women in slavery. Drawing on historical proof, including slave narratives and the diaries and autobiographies, in addition to the modern scholarship on the African American family, the author examines slave women’s routine, livelihood, female networks, and family roles. She finds power and ingenuity, but denies that female slaves played a dominant role in their families. Toni Morrison and Motherhood, by Andrea O’Reilly, offer a critical reading of motherhood and mothering complexly depicted in Beloved. The author intimately scrutinizes Morrison’s text and interviews as well as other appraisal of Morrison and feminism to theorize Black women’s daily experiences, which have been basically ignored by white feminists. Angelyn Mitchell in The Freedom to Remember studies current literary revisions of slavery in the United States by African American women writers. She claims that the modern studies have examined these works only from the perspective of victimization. Author transforms the conceptualization of these accounts in Beloved, focusing on the theme of freedom, not slavery, defining it as â€Å"liberatory narrative. † The Freedom to Remember shows how the liberatory narrative serves to emancipate its readers from the heritage of slavery in American culture: by facilitating a deeper dialogue of the problem and by making them new-fangled through elucidation and questioning. In the Toni Morrison’s Developing Class Consciousness, Doreatha Mbalia followed the growing of Morrison’s consciousness from her examination of racism in her early fiction, to her growing understanding of the nature of capitalism and the necessity for collective struggle in and Beloved. Diane Eyer in Motherguilt: How Our Culture Blames Mothers for What’s Wrong with Society, is convinced that the pseudo scientific conception of maternal â€Å"bond† is one of the ways the rules of mothering have been revised to restrain mothers’ interests in such possessions as work for income outside the home. Eyer is disturbed with the political and subjective twists that scientific investigation is given when attitudes about maternal nature and the principles of motherhood are questioned. Jan Furman in Toni Morrison’s Fiction, traces the persistent characters, subjects, and settings that represent Morrison’s literary vision and strike a well-known chords for Morrison’s readers. Showing that novelist sturdily supports the thought that the artist must beget and interpret culture, Furman discloses the Morrison ‘s contribution to the development and restatement of the American literary tenets through her depiction of the Black woman experience. As well, Furman scrutinizes Morrison’s distress with the threat of gender and racial stereotyping and with her appreciation for those who defy such boundaries. Pointing to the Morrison ‘s astonishing portrayals of human pain, survival, and triumph, Furman moves ahead of literary analysis to enlighten what she argues to be the crucial achievement of Morrison’s narrative: the presentation of the pathway to emotional independence and spiritual freedom. Trudier Harris in Fiction and Folklore: The Novels of Toni Morrison, shows how Morrison’s previous novels reveal interest to the folkloric elements in the form of narrator as storyteller; in the use of folk tales, funny stories, false notions, and other kinds of traditions; and in the emphasis on such â€Å"verbal† features as music. Jacqueline Jones’s tremendous study Labor of Love. Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, takes us far into the insinuations of the extensive social distinctions between the African American and the white experiences and practices in America. Jones’s book gets rid of several nasty stereotypes and obstinate myths, it is free of the bigotry and racism it portrays, and it shows old facts in new ways. This thesis has been divided into 5 parts, introduction, main body and conclusion. Main body is dived into three chapters. The first part explores the social construction of slavery motherhood. Theoretical background to the mothering aspects of Morrison’s novel is presented here briefly. Certain generalized assumptions are made about motherhood, mothering and othermothering. Although they cannot be accurate definitions for all mothers or all situations, they perhaps indicate the relation between essentialism and constructionism, in the identification of motherhood. This part looks at mothering under pressure and threat. The second part examines the roles and representations of motherhood in the novel, and Sethe’s role as a mother in particular. The role of breasts and breastmilk images are discussed and considered as a bond between mother and a child. Then, thesis, especially in terms of Sethe, distinguishes how mothers’ reactions to situations, though seemingly â€Å"animalistic† are, in fact, logically thought out, using human reasoning. If, according to society, the essential aspects of mothering are to be loving, caring, and nurturing, then it is through circumstances that a mother must determine how she can best be all these things, doing what is â€Å"best† for her child or children. In the third part, thesis is focused on the breakdown of the stereotype of mother as a result of racial and cultural oppressions in the most extreme circumstances, or in the aftermath of these extreme circumstances, illustrating that the cultures themselves are not always supportive of mothers and their inherent roles in society. The character of Baby Suggs has also been analyzed here thoroughly, showing how a destreotyping of black womanhood can contribute to a de-essentialized image of slavery. The thesis concludes, that the socially constructed mother who rejects the essential aspects of motherhood in order to do what she feels is â€Å"right,† rather than what is expected by society as a human mother. Thus, one must ascertain with respect to these culturally diverse mothers whether the essential aspects of being a mother transcend the socially constructed aspects of motherhood or not. Their desire and ultimate goal is still keeping their children and themselves alive. Indeed, the interpretation of mothering for each of the mothers makes the difference. Each woman identifies herself as a mother or othermother includes motherhood into her personal identity. A mother creates identity, or, if she does not create it, she nurtures it so that it may bloom and grow of its own accord. Considering social constructionism, this creation becomes exceedingly evident in the mothers and daughters in the novel, as well as in reality.